The Role of Language and Communication in National...

THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION IN NATIONAL TRANSFORMATION BY ONUOHA BEATRICE N. (MRS.) DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL STUDIES HUSSAINI ADAMU FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, KAZAURE, JIGAWA STATE BEING A PAPER PRESENTED AT WOMEN IN TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT (WITED) NATIONAL CONFERENCE AT THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC ILARO, OGUN STATE 8TH – 11TH OCTOBER, 2012 ABSTRACT The relationship between language and communication in the business of information encoding and dissemination cannot be over looked. Despite the fact that the two concepts are different in meaning, the roles they play are complementary in many ways. Language is a process by which information can be carried out from one party to another, while communication refers to the chain†¦show more content†¦Bolinger (1975:14), views language as: â€Å"a system of vocal-auditory communication interacting with the experiences of its users, employing conventional signs composed of arbitrarily patterned sound units and assembled according to set rules†. In another development, Essien (1998:2) sees language as: A system of structured arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which human beings make meaning and communicate with each other in a given community†¦. These definitions recognize the communicative role of language which is specifically used by human beings for the purpose of interaction. By implication, language is in essence a perfect means of expression among every known people. It is important to note that language determines the world-view of a people. It is the connection between language and communication in information delivery for national transformation that is the fulcrum of this discourse. In as much as human beings use language, communication remains its primary target. 2.1: FUNCTIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE These can be seen as some special qualities and role that are common to a typical human language. Human language is used in a number of functions and topmost among which is communication. In the same vein, language is known with the following properties: LANGUAGE IS A LIVING PHENOMENON: This is attributed to a

Broward County Library System Free Essays

Libraries fulfill an important role in the society. They house books, journals and publications and make them available to the public. Through libraries, the advancement of knowledge is assured and people have a place to go to in securing important information for research and other purposes in securing information (Battles, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Broward County Library System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, public libraries have evolved so that even the members of the community who are not in the universities would have access to the wealth of information contained in books, journals and magazines. Through this, the needs of the people for information would be addressed and literacy would spread further in the society. The United States has instituted its public library system, funded by government funds and accessible to the public. Although public libraries differ from scholarly and research libraries, they usually portray fiction and other works of popular significance. Public libraries are seen as necessary for the maintenance of a literate and intelligent population. Most often, they also offer internet access to the general public. In the experience of the US, the first public library was opened in Boston, Massachusetts in 1636. Even if there are problems in the funding of public libraries in the US, they are still performing an important role in the society. In fact, this year alone, a 15-branch library in Oregon was closed for six months. Back in 2004, the whole city of Salinas in California shut down its public library system. It managed to reopen in 2005 but with reduced operating hours (American Library Association (ALA), 2007). Even with these challenges, libraries are still important in ensuring the dissemination of information in the society. Broward County Library Broward County Library continues to fulfill its role of meeting the needs of people in securing information, education, and recreation. It is one of largest public library systems in the United States. Broward County library boasts of being the library with large area with 1. 3 million square feet. Furthermore, it offers the highest number of operating hours annually (Broward County Library Website, 2007). It also boasts of high income derived from its operations and services offered. It also has the largest collection of audio and video, as well as the greatest circulation of materials and highest number of library card holders. The number of computers available for staff and public use is the highest among public libraries in the US (Broward County Library Website, 2007). The Broward County Library was established in 1973 as a result of the efforts of library activists. It started out with $1. 5 million dollar budget, four branches, and 270,000 books as part of its collection. Now, it has several libraries under the system with its Main Library, the African-American Research Library and Cultural Center, the Alvin Sherman library, Research and Information Technology Center, five libraries in several regions and 29 other branches (Broward County Library Website, 2007). In keeping up with the challenges of modern technology, the Broward County Library, the library has established its own website so that people would be able to gain information through the Internet. With the use of the Internet, people can access information about the library remotely even without visiting the physical branches of the library. The African-American Research Library One of the important developments in the recent history of the Broward County Library is the establishment of the African-America Research Library. Although the Civil Rights Movement has accomplished a lot for African-Americans, information about the achievements and the ideals of the movement should still be disseminated and promoted all over the country. This library was conceptualized by Samuel Morrison, who dreamed to build a library about African-Americans. It would cater to the Broward community and to the broader world. This library was further inspired by Morrison’s visit to the Auburn Research Library on African-American History and Culture. By the time of its founding, there were only two libraries dedicated to African-American history (The Story of AARLCC, 2007). The focus of the library is the cultural influence of the spread of African-Americans in the United States. In the mid-1990s, the library planned to be established was just a small library because of the lack of finances. In fact the budgetary requirement was short by $7 million dollars. Drawing upon the strength of the civil rights movement, Morrison drew upon the grassroots and involved the community in achieving his dreams for the library (The Story of AARLCC, 2007). Morrison literally went to the streets in order to mobilize support from the community. As such, the fundraising efforts became underway and the much needed additional millions came in through donations from corporations, church people, civic organizations and concerned citizens who believed in Morrison’s dreams (The Story of AARLCC, 2007). The fundraising campaign was followed by the establishment of the library building, taking note that the design and the ambience reflected African-American sensibilities. The collection of the library came about through the contributions of different people who shared the vision and the dream, starting with actress Esther Rolle who donated her personal possessions and other documents that showcased the civil rights movement and other African-American memorabilia. As such, by 2002, the African-American Library and Cultural Center stood as part of the Broward County Public Library System (The Story of AARLCC, 2007). Conclusion The Broward County Library is fulfilling its role in providing access to information to the residents of Broward County. Yet, it does more than that, through the establishment of African-American Library, it is also providing a testimony to the achievements of the civil rights movement, which is one of the major highlights of American history. The County Library is therefore serving the community, not only in providing information contained in books, journals and other media. Rather, it is also providing appreciation of the segments of history through the African-American Library. It is a testimony to the commitment of the Broward County Library to its commitment to its population and to the United States as a whole. Lastly, public libraries, even though they may be struggling in making ends meet, should look for sources of funding in the same way that Morrison turned his dream to reality. Reference American Library Association. (2007). News reports of nationwide library funding impacts. Retrieved 30 Oct 2007 from http://www. ala. org/ala/news/libraryfunding/libraryfunding. htm. Battles, M. (2004). Library: An Unquiet History. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. Broward County Library Website (2007). Retrieved 31 October 2007 from http://www. broward. org/library/b. The AARLCC Story. (2007). Broward County Library. Retrieved 31 October 2007 from http://www. broward. org/library/aarlcc_story. htm. How to cite Broward County Library System, Papers

Methods of Intelligence Essay Example For Students

Methods of Intelligence Essay 4 JULY 2002METHODS OF INTELLIGENCEThe essential role of intelligence is not difficult to understand. It is to provide timely, relevant information to U.S. policymakers, decision makers, and war fighters. Accomplishing this mission involves a continuous cycle of steps for intelligence reporting; tasking (planning and directing), collecting, processing and exploitation, analyzing and producing, and disseminating. These five steps are commonly referred to as the intelligence cycle. There are many ways of collecting intelligence known as disciplines. The five categories of disciplines are as follows: Human-Source Intelligence (HUMINT), Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), Imagery Intelligence (IMINT), Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT), and Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT). The different disciplines are not very useful if intelligence only comes from one resource, but when information is combined from two or more of these resources, one accurate conclusion can be identified. The first category of intelligence is human-source intelligence or HUMINT. This is the cloak and dagger of the intelligence community. Agents are sent out to gather information from human resources such as disgruntled employees, money-troubled patrons, or any person with something to hide. The principle types of collections that HUMINT discipline is associated with are clandestine source acquisition, overt data collection, debriefing of foreign nationals, and official contacts with foreign governments. The problem with HUMINT is the sometimes-unreliable source. A potentially serious quality control problem arises from the possibility that an agent has been doubled, or that he is secretly working for his supposed target and that the information he is providing to his supposed employer is intended to deceive (Shulsky). This kind of situation is commonly reached when an agent is captured and a decision is reached to cooperate with the captors in order to avoid punishment. The entity res ponsible for providing guidance among the United States HUMINT collection resources is the National HUMINT Requirements Tasking Center. All collection activity within the HUMINT discipline is arranged through the National HUMINT Collection Directive (NHCD) and managed by the Defense HUMINT Service, under the direction of the Defense Intelligence Agencys (DIA) National Military Intelligence Collection Center (NMICC). The next type of intelligence gathering resource is signals intelligence or SIGINT, which can be subdivided into other categories: Communications intelligence (COMINT), telemetry intelligence (TELINT), electronic intelligence (ELINT), and foreign instrumentation signals intelligence (FISINT). The National Security Agency (NSA) is responsible for the majority of the collecting, processing, and reporting intelligence within the SIGINT discipline and receives guidance from the National SIGINT Committee within the NSA, which advises the Director, NSA, and the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) on SIGINT policy issues. The SIGINT discipline is essentially information obtained from intercepted communications, radars, or data transmissions. One of the ways that communication has been deceived in the past was found in World War II. In order to disguise communications during radio transmissions Native Americans from the same tribe where enlisted as radio operators. The Indians would speak their native language to discuss information about opposing Japanese or German forces making it nearly impossible to translate (AFN Pacific). Other types of SIGINT can be found in radar detection devices that allow an operator to know if his unit is being scanned as well as cryptological devices placed on telephones and computers used for classified information. Another type of information gathering resource is imagery intelligence or IMINT, which is the use of platforms that are either aerial or ground systems to take electro-optical, radar, or infrared images. The different aerial platforms are classified into two different categories: breathing and non-breathing. These images of raw photographed data may not mean much to the layman, but an imagery interpreter will be able to depict, measure, and analyze information from a single image. Although a picture is worth a thousand words, there may not be enough information available unless there is a trained eye analyzing the informati on presented. The imagery interpreter can also assume one of the most dangerous jobs of battle damage assessment without having to actually be at ground zero. The analyst can give information about a targets operational capability after it has been bombarded with the use of imagery taken from a safe distance from enemy fire. Imagery interpreters can also perform beach, bridge, highway, terrain, and helicopter landing zone studies without having to travel to the site location. .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e , .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .postImageUrl , .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e , .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e:hover , .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e:visited , .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e:active { border:0!important; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e:active , .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Core Humanities EssayThe Central Imagery Office (CIO) is responsible for management of all aspects of imagery intelligence to include classified and unclassified. The CIO provides guidelines for the requirements, collection, processing, exploitation, dissemination, archiving, and retrieval for all imagery activities within the government. Another discipline is the measurement and signature intelligence, or MASINT, which is the collection of technically derived data that describes distinctive characteristics of a specific event, such as a nuclear explosion. This intelligence field encompasses a wide variety of disciplines including nuclear, optical, radio frequency, acoustics, seismic, and materials sciences. MASINT can provide specific information such as weapon identifications, chemical compositions, and natural and man-made material content as well as a potential adversaries ability to employ such weapons (Staff Study). This type of intelligence is very new and little is known about its full capabilities, but it must be recognized and will soon more than likely fall under the SIGINT discipline. The Central MASINT Office, a component of DIAs NMICC is the authority for all MASINT matters. The discipline within the intelligence field that collects publicly available information is open-source intelligence or OSINT. This information can be collected from printed, verbal, or electronic resources. Printed information can come in the form of rosters of personnel, city maps, business flyers, etc. Verbal information can be collected during conventions, radio broadcasts, television broadcasts, etc. The major resource for OSINT falls in the electronic category with the world-wide-web. With the invention of the Internet, the OSINT field has a virtually unlimited amount of unclassified information that is available to everyone and is constantly growing everyday. The problem with the Internet, and the OSINT discipline as well, is that there is an over-abundance of information that can be difficult to sift through and find what is useful and what is not. The Foreign Broadcast Information Service and the National Air Intelligence Center are the major collectors of OSINT, and the Co mmunity Open-Source Program Office in the CIA is responsible to develop, coordinate, and oversee the open-source program. Once intelligence has been collected and analyzed by the area experts, the information is then reported to an all-source fusion center. At this center all the information from as many different sources as possible is gathered, and a final analysis is made. The different disciplines are not very useful if intelligence only comes from one resource, but when information is combined from multiple resources, one accurate conclusion can be identified. WORKS CITEDAFN Pacific. Narr. Unknown. Military Strategies. Okinawa, Japan. nd. Shulsky, Abram, et al. Silent Warfare. 2nd ed. New York:Macmilillan Publishing Company, 1993. Staff Study, House of Representatives. MASINT: Measurementand Signatures Intelligence. nd. ;http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1996_rpt/ic21/ic21007.htm;.

Marriott Hotel International Total Quality Management

Brief introduction of Marriott Hotel International Marriott hotel international is one of the largest lodging companies globally. This company has maneuvered in more than 68 countries under the leadership of Mr. Marriott who is the chairperson and the chief executive officer.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marriott Hotel International Total Quality Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The leadership of Marriott is considered as a success of this company as it started as a family restaurant to a global lodging business. As the leader of the company, the chairperson says that, the company’s main vision is lead in offering lodging services in the world. The vision of this company is grounded on several issues like taking good care of the guests, possession of wide operating knowledge, making use of skilled and diverse workforce, and finally offering one of the best lodging services. Under the leaders hip of Marriott, the company has for several years continued to enjoy a strong customer base, and an improving growth of profitability. The origin and development of Total Quality Management The total quality management is a theory applied in most of organizations in efforts of improving quality and performance to meet or exceed customers’ needs. The only way through which the company can achieve this, is through application of quality functions and services in the entire company (Mukherjee, 2006). The total quality management incorporates the general quality actions taken by a company such as quality development, quality control, and above all ensuring there is quality assurance in the services offered by the company. The total quality management involves all levels of management as well as all the company employees. The origin of total quality management is believed to be quality assurance methods that existed during the First World War. The development of total quality man agement was made possible by the large-scale production that emerged after the war. This large production was associated with poor quality of the products services. To minimize the chances of producing poor quality services and products, some quality officers were appointed to ensure the entire production was of quality.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After the First World War, it was a common exercise in almost all manufacturing companies to inspect the quality of goods and services produced. The emergence of statistical quality control, gave an assurance of testing the quality of sample pieces, as it was not possible to inspect every commodity. By mid 1950s, the quality control exercise was crucial especially in Japanese industries, whereby all the employees could adopt the system within the company . By the late 1970s, the total quality exercise was widely used mostly b y the large companies, and was used by all employees starting from the top management to casual laborers. When other nations discovered how products manufactured in Japan were of good quality, they also started adopting the exercise of quality control. Application of TQM techniques in improving efficiency and effectiveness of business When companies make use of total quality management, there is a high probability of improving efficiency and effectiveness of the entire organization. For instance, Marriott hotel international have applied several techniques of TQM to ensure a positive outcome (Mukherjee, 2006). Through the assistance of the executive management, employees are trained on the concepts of offering good quality services to the customers. The main techniques that the management team of Marriott hotel international is employing qualified staffs, who gives a positive approach to those sensitive areas like the check in point, serving customers within the shortest time possib le, offering a friendly approach, and solving customers problems. Cleanliness of the rooms and wonderful housekeeping services may make all other wrongs to be forgiven by any guest. One aspect that constitutes to the good reputation of this company is the cleanliness especially the admirable housekeeping services that are offered. Moreover, to make their total quality management systems more effective, Marriott is providing an extensive training to all area managers as soon as they are hired. The major reason of doing this is to ensure that the leaders of the company are enlightened on how to offer quality services . Without a good leadership, it can be very challenging for any organization to offer best services and to attain its overall objectives.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Marriott Hotel International Total Quality Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Once a manager is employed in this company, before offering services, they are booked into a one-week training program, where they are equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to enable them serve the customers well. After undergoing this training, they are responsible of teaching other members of staff on how to offer quality services to customers. According to various researches done by several analysts, the outcomes of poor quality services in any business are very costly. Most of the time, the experience of poor quality services in an organization occur due to having employees who are not empowered fully to solve quality shortcomings, or presence of employees who are not willing to give adequate results. In our day-to-day lives, we have also experienced inadequate services in various organizations whereby, once served you feel like never coming back for more services. These negative experiences occur especially because of having a team of staff who never care about what they deliver, as they are never held respons ible for their mistakes (Mukherjee, 2006). To some extent, the management of the company is the source of this poor service delivery, because of failure to acknowledge employees that every person would be held responsible for his or her deeds. Once a company start trending in such manner, the likely consequence is loosing customers and creation of a good opportunity for the competitors to take over and serve the customers. Approaches towards improving customer care Currently the company has managed to come up with 18 different lodging brands that include limited service and full service that have a variety of services to serve the needs of any traveler. The company is currently managing and contracting various hotels and resorts under the Marriott. The work coverage of the company has widened with time due to expansion of its services. This expansion on the other hand has resulted to increment of the customers globally. Starting from the financial base of the company to its customer network, the company has a good record of expansion for the period it has existed in the market. It is an obligation of every company whether a non-profit or profit making to ensure that its customers are served satisfactorily with the best products or services. For the company to succeed in its operations, be it manufacturing or any other kind of business, the customer should be treated well through provision of quality services.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marriott being one of the biggest hotels internationally, with good reputation of its quality services, it has adapted a holistic system of formal Total Quality Management. This system is meant to ensure that the increasing customer coverage is offered with the best services of high quality. The hotel has made some extra efforts to ensure that every section of the hotel is equipped with quality services that are customer driven. The Marriott hotel international is under the category of service industry, and so its mandate to achieve its goals and objectives is to ensure its customers are happy. It is the nature of customers to share their experiences with others whether they are satisfied or not satisfied. For the company to ensure that their customers share a positive experience, the company should concentrate in making customers happy through admirable services. The reputation of the hotel and that of the brand depends mainly by the reactions of the customers. Customer satisfactio n is achieved easily through the application of Total Quality Management. Due to the wide acquired experience by the management of Marriott hotel international for the long period they have been in the market, they have pointed out the two main areas that are likely to be criticized by guests. The rooms and the check-ins are the most sensitive areas that require high quality services especially the front office. In Marriott hotel international these areas are well catered for by highly qualified staffs. Both the first contact and impression that guests receive in a service industry is very crucial, as he may keep coming back or may never desire such an experience again. How Total Quality Management contributes to Improving Quality, Efficiency Effectiveness Successful businesses like Marriott hotel international have a management system that understands the likely effect of offering quality services to the customers. Due to such realization, the most competitive businesses, keeps on regularly improving their quality standards. Regularly, through the business News we hear of most famous companies declaring that their priority is to make the dreams of their customers come true through offering quality services that would satisfy the customers and keep them coming back for more products and services. For instance, we heard of Ford Motor Company and Honda Motor Company announcing their first priority of satisfying their customers through wonderful and long lasting products that are friendly to the customer’s finances and to the environment (Clarke, 2007). Despite the fact that these companies are among the leaders globally, they still insist in improving the quality of their products to keep their customers happy. Even if the company have been in the market for a long duration of time, and have acquired many customers, the journey should not end there, as the customers’ needs are as dynamic as the products or the services in the market. The tastes an d preferences of the customers keep on changing with the advancement of the technology and the whole globalization. This calls for the companies to keep working harder to be in a position to handle the dynamic changes in the market especially the customer’s needs (Clarke, 2007). Although Marriott has been in the market for quite a long period, they have continually embraced the current total quality management systems to be in a position to handle the challenges during the tough economic periods. Just like other successful companies, Marriott hotel international has for several years tried to apply the total quality management system to handle and ensure a long-term survival and success through customer satisfaction . Several policies have been put in place to ensure this holistic system they adopted works out well. Due to their improved customer coverage, the productivity of the company also increased, and this is achieved by making all the employees in the company to partic ipate and feel as part of the entire company. The employees are encouraged by this system to assist in improving the various processes found in the company, services, and making the culture of the company a long lasting one. Quality leaders such as Joseph Juran have contributed much in interpreting what such a system should entail to ensure a productivity results. The total quality management system comes up with practices that when utilized well the company benefits much from offering good quality services and an increased productivity. Some of the practices that Marriott hotel international has incorporated in their operations include putting every employee busy to work to accomplish the transformation (Mukherjee, 2006). During the working hours, employees are ever busy with everyone taking a close inspection to his or her duties. Idleness of the employees is something unheard of in Marriott hotel international. During the time of relaxing, the employees are engaged in some talks meant to improve the services of the company. Another practice that has made this holistic system a success is through the provision of education programs to improve the efficiency of every employee. As technology advances, the demands of customers in the business also keep on changing and that is why these education programs are so important to the employees to keep them updated. Another aspect is by all means breaking barriers among staff working areas, if an employee discovers that there is something not attended to, if the person responsible is not available, he or she should attend to that duty first. Incase of any problem or a challenge employees are given a break through of reporting such issues as quick as possible to the right people for the problem to be fixed on time (Clarke, 2007). For a long duration of time, the Marriott and other successful companies they have been able to utilize the practices of total quality management for positive impacts in their companies. The a pplication of this complex system requires committed leaders and other team of staffs to work together through supporting one another to ensure the company improves its productivity. However, not in all cases that the application of total quality management ends up successful. Severally, some companies have reported failure of total quality management approach (Mukherjee, 2006). For instance, if a company had a weak culture from the beginning it would always be hard for this system to change that culture within a short time. A bad company culture remains in the minds of the company’s stakeholders, for a very long period. Even if the company may change, the stakeholders do not admit the change as they believe in what they experienced in the past. Another aspect that may result to a failure is lack of support and commitment from the leaders. It would be hard for the employees to bring change through this system without the help of the top management. The practices of total qual ity management require the contribution of every individual in the company. When a company is offering poor quality services, there is a great cost of customer dissatisfaction and loss of business . When on the other hand is fighting to achieve good quality services there is a cost to be incurred like prevention costs. These are the costs that Marriott and other companies have incurred in the process of preventing the occurrence of poor quality services in the company. These processes include maintaining records and data, as well as the cost of training the employees when setting them ready to handle the challenges. Another type of cost is appraisal costs that are incurred by the company in its efforts of uncovering defects. Another type of cost is internal failure cost, a cost that incurs within the premises, and is realized before the service or the product reaches the customer . All these costs are associated with the efforts of the company to avoid offering poor quality services or products. These costs are considered less expensive than the cost of offering poor quality services or products. Marriott hotel international has made efforts to incur such costs, than to allow poor quality services that would limit its continuity in the market. Through this, this company has continued pleasing its customers through quality services. Criticism of Total Quality Management approaches to tourism As much as total quality management is useful to various organizations, it faces several criticisms. To begin with, the total quality system is not directly related to the general organizational strategy. The decisions that are made by the organization concerning total quality management are not connected to finances or other marketing approaches (Mukherjee, 2006). It is argued that quality issues should be part of functional side, and should not be treated as a separate entity. Another important factor that total quality management lacks is a clear planning for its impleme ntation, which should indicate the goals and objectives, and how they should be achieved. Moreover, the TQM consists of unrealistic goals due to lack of managerial skills because of failure to train employees about the total quality management philosophy. The employees should be fully equipped with knowledge of TQM philosophy. Conclusion In conclusion, the Marriott hotel international has benefitted much from the application of total quality management. Just like any other hospitality industry, total quality management is important due to the competition of the customers . There is an increased number of hotels offering hospitality services globally, thus for a hotel to retain its customers and attract more should offer quality services. The shortcomings of this system are outweighed by its advantages, and so its application to any organization is of benefit. The teamwork of the management team and all levels of employers can work best for this system. For the employees to adhere to the system, they require much support from the top management. Bibliography Bank, J, (2002), Essence of Management series, New York, Prentice Hall. Books LIc, (2010), Marriott International: Islamabad Marriott Hotel International, New York, General Books LLC. Clarke, A, (2007), International hospitality management: concepts and cases, London, Butterworth-Heinemann. Hakes, C, (2004), Total quality management: the key to business improvement,  Michigan, Springer. Mukherjee, PN, (2006), Total Quality Management, New York, PHI Learning Pvt, Ltd. This report on Marriott Hotel International Total Quality Management was written and submitted by user Quinn I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

25 Synonyms for Deceptive and Fake

25 Synonyms for Deceptive and Fake 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Deceptive† and â€Å"Fake 25 Synonyms for â€Å"Deceptive† and â€Å"Fake By Mark Nichol Many words related to deceptive and fake exist, but some have specific senses for distinctive usage. Here are some alternatives to these terms and the related words deceitful and false and their connotations. 1. Assumed: pretended, as in â€Å"an assumed name,† referring to a pseudonym used to conceal one’s identity (and, as a verb, to pretend); also, several unrelated meanings 2. Beguiling: deceptive, duplicitous, or diverting 3. Bogus: not genuine 4. Contrived: false or unnatural 5. Counterfeit: imitation or insincere 6. Delusory: deceptive 7. Dummy: imitation (and, as a noun, a mockup); also, several unrelated meanings 8. Ersatz: imitation or substitute (and generally inferior to the real thing) 9. Factitious: artificial or false 10. Fallacious: deceptive 11. Faux: imitation (usually in the sense of a design element or fashion item that deliberately mimics a more expensive material or fabric such as marble or fur) 12. Feigned: fictitious, or not genuine or real 13. Forged: imitation with intent to deceive; also, an unrelated meaning of being created by pressure and perhaps heat 14. Fraudulent: deceitful 15. Jive: deceitful (said of talk); also, superficial or foolish, or other unrelated meanings 16. Misleading: deceitful 17. Mock: imitation, in the senses of not being genuine or real 18. Phony: counterfeit, false, or fictitious; also, hypocritical 19. Pseudo: false (also a prefix in hyphenated and closed compounds such as pseudo-event and pseudopod) 20. Put-on: pretended 21. Sham: false, not genuine 22. Simulated: fake but intended or made to look genuine 23. Specious: deceptively attractive, or appearing genuine or truthful 24. Spurious: deceitful or imitation 25. Synthetic: not genuine; also, several unrelated meanings Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?What is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?Mood vs. Tense

Essay on The Problem Of Hiv / Aids -- Immune system, HIV, AIDS, Vaccine

Although HIV is no longer the death sentence it was back in the 80’s, it remains a thorn even in our modern societies. For instance, HIV treatment is exponentially expensive, and can only be afforded by people residing in developed countries. In fact most third world nations, are still in the 80’s as far as HIV treatment technology is concerned. In 2011 alone over two and half million people died of AIDS, with the continent of Africa topping the list (Gallo 267). With prices, for HIV medication up the roof and the virus becoming more resistant to medications there is nothing such as a happy ending for 50 million people world wide still leaving with the disease (Gallo 267). The clock is ticking not just for the forty million, but also, for the sci... ... middle of paper ... ...n the end only Kaprowsky knows . To even consider those who we trust with our life may have invented the worst disease that has cause over 26 million fatalies so far is unimaginable(Gallo 266). Hoopers theory is not neccesarily a smoking gun but it does raise questions on the credibility of doctors. Hoopers intentions in writing his book the river wasn’t to point a finger but to raise awareness of how often medical errors occur with the minority being used as the guinea pigs; Nevertheless, for magic and all the millions of people living with AIDS the fight continues, a fight to decrease aids fatalities and find a cure, in this fight only one person has been cured so far, the famous berlin patient but as for the other forty million there is reason to hope,that in this developing technology that one day AIDS will be a dark history, surely nothing lasts forever.

Corporate Communication of the British Petroleum Company Research Paper

Corporate Communication of the British Petroleum Company - Research Paper Example Analysis of the FARMA Limited company is a main topic of this research paper. The researcher describes that company has emerged as one of the largest pharmaceutical and has its operations in more than 40 countries and products available worldwide. It was started in early 2000 by a group of medical researchers from Princeton University. It is one of those companies that gained tremendous success in just a few years. The research paper focuses on different corporate communications strategies and their impact on the successful business of FARMA Limited. The company combines the best values of entrepreneurship, business ethics, and strict acquiescence with current Good Manufacturing Practices. Since its creation, FARMA Ltd. has primarily endorsed research based pharmaceutical products. It is one of those few pharmaceutical companies who have developed their brand loyalty through innovative advertising strategies along with its strong marketing base. The ground-breaking strategies have he lped its products to be positioned in their respective curative areas. FARMA Ltd. has achieved this prestigious status through creative marketing strategies, promoting team work, human resource development and high-tech production facilities. The research paper and collaboration with prominent researches presents FARMA’s commitment to successfully manufacture high quality health products as well as prosperously organize company's corporative culture and communication on different levels, from crisis and to strategic to increase future success.