The Role of Language and Communication in National...

THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION IN NATIONAL TRANSFORMATION BY ONUOHA BEATRICE N. (MRS.) DEPARTMENT OF GENERAL STUDIES HUSSAINI ADAMU FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC, KAZAURE, JIGAWA STATE BEING A PAPER PRESENTED AT WOMEN IN TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT (WITED) NATIONAL CONFERENCE AT THE FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC ILARO, OGUN STATE 8TH – 11TH OCTOBER, 2012 ABSTRACT The relationship between language and communication in the business of information encoding and dissemination cannot be over looked. Despite the fact that the two concepts are different in meaning, the roles they play are complementary in many ways. Language is a process by which information can be carried out from one party to another, while communication refers to the chain†¦show more content†¦Bolinger (1975:14), views language as: â€Å"a system of vocal-auditory communication interacting with the experiences of its users, employing conventional signs composed of arbitrarily patterned sound units and assembled according to set rules†. In another development, Essien (1998:2) sees language as: A system of structured arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which human beings make meaning and communicate with each other in a given community†¦. These definitions recognize the communicative role of language which is specifically used by human beings for the purpose of interaction. By implication, language is in essence a perfect means of expression among every known people. It is important to note that language determines the world-view of a people. It is the connection between language and communication in information delivery for national transformation that is the fulcrum of this discourse. In as much as human beings use language, communication remains its primary target. 2.1: FUNCTIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF LANGUAGE These can be seen as some special qualities and role that are common to a typical human language. Human language is used in a number of functions and topmost among which is communication. In the same vein, language is known with the following properties: LANGUAGE IS A LIVING PHENOMENON: This is attributed to a

Broward County Library System Free Essays

Libraries fulfill an important role in the society. They house books, journals and publications and make them available to the public. Through libraries, the advancement of knowledge is assured and people have a place to go to in securing important information for research and other purposes in securing information (Battles, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Broward County Library System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, public libraries have evolved so that even the members of the community who are not in the universities would have access to the wealth of information contained in books, journals and magazines. Through this, the needs of the people for information would be addressed and literacy would spread further in the society. The United States has instituted its public library system, funded by government funds and accessible to the public. Although public libraries differ from scholarly and research libraries, they usually portray fiction and other works of popular significance. Public libraries are seen as necessary for the maintenance of a literate and intelligent population. Most often, they also offer internet access to the general public. In the experience of the US, the first public library was opened in Boston, Massachusetts in 1636. Even if there are problems in the funding of public libraries in the US, they are still performing an important role in the society. In fact, this year alone, a 15-branch library in Oregon was closed for six months. Back in 2004, the whole city of Salinas in California shut down its public library system. It managed to reopen in 2005 but with reduced operating hours (American Library Association (ALA), 2007). Even with these challenges, libraries are still important in ensuring the dissemination of information in the society. Broward County Library Broward County Library continues to fulfill its role of meeting the needs of people in securing information, education, and recreation. It is one of largest public library systems in the United States. Broward County library boasts of being the library with large area with 1. 3 million square feet. Furthermore, it offers the highest number of operating hours annually (Broward County Library Website, 2007). It also boasts of high income derived from its operations and services offered. It also has the largest collection of audio and video, as well as the greatest circulation of materials and highest number of library card holders. The number of computers available for staff and public use is the highest among public libraries in the US (Broward County Library Website, 2007). The Broward County Library was established in 1973 as a result of the efforts of library activists. It started out with $1. 5 million dollar budget, four branches, and 270,000 books as part of its collection. Now, it has several libraries under the system with its Main Library, the African-American Research Library and Cultural Center, the Alvin Sherman library, Research and Information Technology Center, five libraries in several regions and 29 other branches (Broward County Library Website, 2007). In keeping up with the challenges of modern technology, the Broward County Library, the library has established its own website so that people would be able to gain information through the Internet. With the use of the Internet, people can access information about the library remotely even without visiting the physical branches of the library. The African-American Research Library One of the important developments in the recent history of the Broward County Library is the establishment of the African-America Research Library. Although the Civil Rights Movement has accomplished a lot for African-Americans, information about the achievements and the ideals of the movement should still be disseminated and promoted all over the country. This library was conceptualized by Samuel Morrison, who dreamed to build a library about African-Americans. It would cater to the Broward community and to the broader world. This library was further inspired by Morrison’s visit to the Auburn Research Library on African-American History and Culture. By the time of its founding, there were only two libraries dedicated to African-American history (The Story of AARLCC, 2007). The focus of the library is the cultural influence of the spread of African-Americans in the United States. In the mid-1990s, the library planned to be established was just a small library because of the lack of finances. In fact the budgetary requirement was short by $7 million dollars. Drawing upon the strength of the civil rights movement, Morrison drew upon the grassroots and involved the community in achieving his dreams for the library (The Story of AARLCC, 2007). Morrison literally went to the streets in order to mobilize support from the community. As such, the fundraising efforts became underway and the much needed additional millions came in through donations from corporations, church people, civic organizations and concerned citizens who believed in Morrison’s dreams (The Story of AARLCC, 2007). The fundraising campaign was followed by the establishment of the library building, taking note that the design and the ambience reflected African-American sensibilities. The collection of the library came about through the contributions of different people who shared the vision and the dream, starting with actress Esther Rolle who donated her personal possessions and other documents that showcased the civil rights movement and other African-American memorabilia. As such, by 2002, the African-American Library and Cultural Center stood as part of the Broward County Public Library System (The Story of AARLCC, 2007). Conclusion The Broward County Library is fulfilling its role in providing access to information to the residents of Broward County. Yet, it does more than that, through the establishment of African-American Library, it is also providing a testimony to the achievements of the civil rights movement, which is one of the major highlights of American history. The County Library is therefore serving the community, not only in providing information contained in books, journals and other media. Rather, it is also providing appreciation of the segments of history through the African-American Library. It is a testimony to the commitment of the Broward County Library to its commitment to its population and to the United States as a whole. Lastly, public libraries, even though they may be struggling in making ends meet, should look for sources of funding in the same way that Morrison turned his dream to reality. Reference American Library Association. (2007). News reports of nationwide library funding impacts. Retrieved 30 Oct 2007 from http://www. ala. org/ala/news/libraryfunding/libraryfunding. htm. Battles, M. (2004). Library: An Unquiet History. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. Broward County Library Website (2007). Retrieved 31 October 2007 from http://www. broward. org/library/b. The AARLCC Story. (2007). Broward County Library. Retrieved 31 October 2007 from http://www. broward. org/library/aarlcc_story. htm. How to cite Broward County Library System, Papers

Methods of Intelligence Essay Example For Students

Methods of Intelligence Essay 4 JULY 2002METHODS OF INTELLIGENCEThe essential role of intelligence is not difficult to understand. It is to provide timely, relevant information to U.S. policymakers, decision makers, and war fighters. Accomplishing this mission involves a continuous cycle of steps for intelligence reporting; tasking (planning and directing), collecting, processing and exploitation, analyzing and producing, and disseminating. These five steps are commonly referred to as the intelligence cycle. There are many ways of collecting intelligence known as disciplines. The five categories of disciplines are as follows: Human-Source Intelligence (HUMINT), Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), Imagery Intelligence (IMINT), Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT), and Open-Source Intelligence (OSINT). The different disciplines are not very useful if intelligence only comes from one resource, but when information is combined from two or more of these resources, one accurate conclusion can be identified. The first category of intelligence is human-source intelligence or HUMINT. This is the cloak and dagger of the intelligence community. Agents are sent out to gather information from human resources such as disgruntled employees, money-troubled patrons, or any person with something to hide. The principle types of collections that HUMINT discipline is associated with are clandestine source acquisition, overt data collection, debriefing of foreign nationals, and official contacts with foreign governments. The problem with HUMINT is the sometimes-unreliable source. A potentially serious quality control problem arises from the possibility that an agent has been doubled, or that he is secretly working for his supposed target and that the information he is providing to his supposed employer is intended to deceive (Shulsky). This kind of situation is commonly reached when an agent is captured and a decision is reached to cooperate with the captors in order to avoid punishment. The entity res ponsible for providing guidance among the United States HUMINT collection resources is the National HUMINT Requirements Tasking Center. All collection activity within the HUMINT discipline is arranged through the National HUMINT Collection Directive (NHCD) and managed by the Defense HUMINT Service, under the direction of the Defense Intelligence Agencys (DIA) National Military Intelligence Collection Center (NMICC). The next type of intelligence gathering resource is signals intelligence or SIGINT, which can be subdivided into other categories: Communications intelligence (COMINT), telemetry intelligence (TELINT), electronic intelligence (ELINT), and foreign instrumentation signals intelligence (FISINT). The National Security Agency (NSA) is responsible for the majority of the collecting, processing, and reporting intelligence within the SIGINT discipline and receives guidance from the National SIGINT Committee within the NSA, which advises the Director, NSA, and the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) on SIGINT policy issues. The SIGINT discipline is essentially information obtained from intercepted communications, radars, or data transmissions. One of the ways that communication has been deceived in the past was found in World War II. In order to disguise communications during radio transmissions Native Americans from the same tribe where enlisted as radio operators. The Indians would speak their native language to discuss information about opposing Japanese or German forces making it nearly impossible to translate (AFN Pacific). Other types of SIGINT can be found in radar detection devices that allow an operator to know if his unit is being scanned as well as cryptological devices placed on telephones and computers used for classified information. Another type of information gathering resource is imagery intelligence or IMINT, which is the use of platforms that are either aerial or ground systems to take electro-optical, radar, or infrared images. The different aerial platforms are classified into two different categories: breathing and non-breathing. These images of raw photographed data may not mean much to the layman, but an imagery interpreter will be able to depict, measure, and analyze information from a single image. Although a picture is worth a thousand words, there may not be enough information available unless there is a trained eye analyzing the informati on presented. The imagery interpreter can also assume one of the most dangerous jobs of battle damage assessment without having to actually be at ground zero. The analyst can give information about a targets operational capability after it has been bombarded with the use of imagery taken from a safe distance from enemy fire. Imagery interpreters can also perform beach, bridge, highway, terrain, and helicopter landing zone studies without having to travel to the site location. .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e , .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .postImageUrl , .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e , .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e:hover , .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e:visited , .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e:active { border:0!important; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e:active , .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7db3c703b921389038b4de29b5ca846e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Core Humanities EssayThe Central Imagery Office (CIO) is responsible for management of all aspects of imagery intelligence to include classified and unclassified. The CIO provides guidelines for the requirements, collection, processing, exploitation, dissemination, archiving, and retrieval for all imagery activities within the government. Another discipline is the measurement and signature intelligence, or MASINT, which is the collection of technically derived data that describes distinctive characteristics of a specific event, such as a nuclear explosion. This intelligence field encompasses a wide variety of disciplines including nuclear, optical, radio frequency, acoustics, seismic, and materials sciences. MASINT can provide specific information such as weapon identifications, chemical compositions, and natural and man-made material content as well as a potential adversaries ability to employ such weapons (Staff Study). This type of intelligence is very new and little is known about its full capabilities, but it must be recognized and will soon more than likely fall under the SIGINT discipline. The Central MASINT Office, a component of DIAs NMICC is the authority for all MASINT matters. The discipline within the intelligence field that collects publicly available information is open-source intelligence or OSINT. This information can be collected from printed, verbal, or electronic resources. Printed information can come in the form of rosters of personnel, city maps, business flyers, etc. Verbal information can be collected during conventions, radio broadcasts, television broadcasts, etc. The major resource for OSINT falls in the electronic category with the world-wide-web. With the invention of the Internet, the OSINT field has a virtually unlimited amount of unclassified information that is available to everyone and is constantly growing everyday. The problem with the Internet, and the OSINT discipline as well, is that there is an over-abundance of information that can be difficult to sift through and find what is useful and what is not. The Foreign Broadcast Information Service and the National Air Intelligence Center are the major collectors of OSINT, and the Co mmunity Open-Source Program Office in the CIA is responsible to develop, coordinate, and oversee the open-source program. Once intelligence has been collected and analyzed by the area experts, the information is then reported to an all-source fusion center. At this center all the information from as many different sources as possible is gathered, and a final analysis is made. The different disciplines are not very useful if intelligence only comes from one resource, but when information is combined from multiple resources, one accurate conclusion can be identified. WORKS CITEDAFN Pacific. Narr. Unknown. Military Strategies. Okinawa, Japan. nd. Shulsky, Abram, et al. Silent Warfare. 2nd ed. New York:Macmilillan Publishing Company, 1993. Staff Study, House of Representatives. MASINT: Measurementand Signatures Intelligence. nd. ;http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1996_rpt/ic21/ic21007.htm;.